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Career advancement in Indonesian academia :
The human resource management practices in the State Higher Education [SHEls] in Indonesia follow the rules and regulations set by the government; this is theory should guarantee equality to all staff. In reality however, the effects are different to female and male staff with regards to their career advancement. The present study aims to explore women's status in the structural and academic ranks as well as in the management and leadership positions compared to men's, and the reasons responsible for the gap in their career advancement. A set of instruments was distributed to universities willing to participate in this study. Ten universities participated in this study by returning completed instruments. This study reveals that the representation of women in the higher structural and academic ranks was reasinably below than that of men. However, their number in the starting levels tended to grow. Women were also scarce in the top, management and leadership positions, ...ifa.
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