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School characteristics and educational outcomes : toward an organizational model of student achievement in middle schools /
Empowerment is defined and measured in terms of teacher's power to control critical decisions about teaching and learning conditions. This research first considers the relationship between school climate and teacher empowermwnt wnd the relationship between teacher empowerment and school effectiveness, which inchludes measures of mathematics and reading achievement in 86 middle schools. The results support the pivotal importtance of teacher emporwerment in the effectiveness of schools. Finally, a theoretical madel is proposed to explain the linkages between organizational characteristics and student achievement. syur.
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